![]() Food fortification usually causes colour and flavour changes because bioavailable iron molecules often react with other food molecules (Abbaspour et al., 2014 Hurrell, 2002). Furthermore, oral iron supplementation can lead to side effects including nausea and gastric pain and could increase the severity of infectious diseases, such as malaria (Oppenheimer et al., 1986 Sazawal et al., 2006). However, these approaches are often difficult to implement due to various regional socio-economic factors. Diet diversification, supplementation and food fortification are among the recommended approaches to relieve these deficiencies. Nearly 1.6 billion people in the world are affected by anaemia, to which iron deficiency anaemia contributes significantly (Stevens et al., 2013) and zinc deficiency is also reported to affect one-third of the world's population. Iron and zinc deficiencies are widespread in developing countries but are also not uncommon in developed countries. ![]() The increases achieved in polished IR64 grains are of dietary relevance for human health and a valuable nutrition trait for breeding programmes.ĭeficiencies of essential nutrients including iron, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin B-12, riboflavin, vitamin D and vitamin E are common and often coexist in affected populations. Our results demonstrate that targeting intracellular iron stores in combination with iron and zinc transport and endosperm storage is an effective strategy for iron biofortification. Similar high iron and zinc levels were obtained in transgenic Indica IR64 lines expressing the AtNRAMP3, AtNAS1 and PvFER cassette (13.65 μg/g DW iron and 48.18 μg/g DW zinc in polished grains of line IR64_1), equalling more than 90% of the recommended iron increase in rice endosperm. Iron and zinc were increased close to recommended levels in polished grains of the transformed lines, with maximum levels when AtNRAMP3, AtNAS1 and PvFER were expressed together (12.67 μg/g DW iron and 45.60 μg/g DW zinc in polished grains of line NFON16). We developed transgenic Nipponbare rice lines expressing AtNRAMP3 under the control of the UBIQUITIN or rice embryo/aleurone-specific 18-kDa Oleosin (Ole18) promoter together with NICOTIANAMINE SYNTHASE ( AtNAS1) and FERRITIN ( PvFER), or expressing only AtNRAMP3 and PvFER together. Vacuole is an important cell compartment for iron storage and the NATURAL RESISTANCE ASSOCIATED MACROPHAGE PROTEIN (NRAMP) family of transporters export iron from vacuoles to cytosol when needed. Targeting intracellular iron mobilization to increase grain iron levels has not been reported. Current strategies mainly focus on the expression of genes for efficient uptake, long-distance transport and storage. Rice, a staple food for more than half of the world population, is an important target for iron and zinc biofortification.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
Details
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |